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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. iampsychiatry.uk can ease symptoms but it also can cause side effects. Consult your physician when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed kind of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that regulate attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant that is the first choice for treating ADHD in adults and children is the most frequently prescribed medication. It works by increasing activity in the parts of the brain that assist to regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions, such as narcolepsy. It can help patients with Narcolepsy remain awake throughout the day and increase their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. If you take this medication as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse and other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It may also worsen behavior problems and tics in certain people suffering from Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, people with these conditions should consult their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if you suffer from any other health concerns or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye present in processed foods as well as some medicines and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These medications can have a negative impact on your heart rate or blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and the long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is risky if you have a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works in the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It is also used to aid people in quitting smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been found to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvement (using a clinically significant change of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different drugs, including sedatives antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs. It may also increase the risk of seizures for those with a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is not recommended in certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant should not take it. Bupropion can be found in the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs, are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemical. They were one of the first antidepressants to be developed, and although they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they can still be effective in some people with other disorders. They block the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, increasing the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They can be employed to treat a range of other conditions, including pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed alone or in combination with stimulants. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can help manage tics, which are repetitive, uncontrollable movements or sounds like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation and can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These drugs can interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals, and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor because there are newer antidepressants with a safer adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are antidepressants. They consist of a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also decrease anxiety and reduce impulsive behaviors. They are commonly used to treat adhd because they can help some people suffering from their symptoms and work well in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a lower clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes within the liver. This results in varying blood concentrations. These medications can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications it is essential to talk with your doctor. It is common for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that works best for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is also crucial to inform all medications you take to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications do not help adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have fewer adverse effects. They are used for many ailments, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. They can also be used as an add-on treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The rise in levels of norepinephrine helps improve mood and attention. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD however, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken orally in the form of pills, however, they can also be taken as patches or liquids. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD among children and adolescents in April 2021. It is not a controlled substance because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but can also help control symptoms of ADHD. Numerous studies have demonstrated that SNRI medications, such as venlafaxine and duloxetine, can significantly lower the scores of different ADHD tests. SNRIs can raise blood pressure or interact with other medications. It is crucial to consult with a doctor prior to taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication could cause harm to people and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the correct disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the pros and cons of these medications. SNRIs are not suitable for all people. For example pregnant women or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs, because they can be passed into breast milk. Those who suffer from liver or blood pressure issues should not be taking these drugs, either, because they can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people with ADHD take medication to increase their concentration and focus. Some may also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each person requires time. During this process, doctors observe physical reactions to determine the optimal balance of benefits and side effects. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. While they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can trigger serious side effects such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects usually disappear after some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children and adults. They might take longer to effect their effects however they can help improve impulse control and concentration. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and Guanfacine. Antidepressants are also effective in treating ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that helps with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant that has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label”, but drugmakers created extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as treatment.